Our expanded team of specialists – many of whom completed fellowships and residencies at prestigious academic centers – offers comprehensive services for treating any condition of the brain, spine and nervous system. With nearly 50 subspecialties represented, we offer complex and minimally invasive surgery as well as ongoing care for pituitary and skull base tumors, stroke, peripheral nerve disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, ALS, epilepsy and more.

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Submissions from 2021

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Assessment of Discrepancies Between Follow-up Infarct Volume and 90-Day Outcomes Among Patients With Ischemic Stroke Who Received Endovascular Therapy., Aravind Ganesh, Johanna M Ospel, Bijoy K Menon, Andrew M Demchuk, Ryan A McTaggart, Raul G Nogueira, Alexandre Y Poppe, Mohammed A Almekhlafi, Ricardo A Hanel, Götz Thomalla, Staffan Holmin, Volker Puetz, Brian A van Adel, Jason Tarpley, Michael Tymianski, Michael D Hill, Mayank Goyal, and ESCAPE-NA1 Trial Investigators

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The effect of specific binding proteins on immunoassay measurements of total and free thyroid hormones and cortisol., Anastasia Gant Kanegusuku, Katherine A Araque, Hung Nguyen, Bin Wei, Saman Hosseini, and Steven J Soldin

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Self-Administered Behavioral Skills-Based At-Home Virtual Reality Therapy for Chronic Low Back Pain: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial., Laura Garcia, Beth Darnall, Parthasarathy Krishnamurthy, Ian Mackey, Josh Sackman, Robert Louis, Todd Maddox, and Brandon Birckhead

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Correction: Self-Administered Behavioral Skills-Based At-Home Virtual Reality Therapy for Chronic Low Back Pain: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial., Laura M Garcia, Beth D Darnall, Parthasarathy Krishnamurthy, Ian G Mackey, Josh Sackman, Robert G Louis, Todd Maddox, and Brandon J Birckhead

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Neuro-Advocacy-Professionalism in Action., Barbara Giesser and Marisa Kanof

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Treatment of Advanced Parkinson's Disease., Rebecca Gilbert and Pravin Khemani

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Microtia Reconstruction and Erector Spinae Block in Children: A Case Series With Chart Review., Gabriel Gomez, Beth Osterbauer, Robert Nguyen, Choo Phei Wee, Amit Kochhar, Tymon Tai, Carl Yuan-Feng Lo, Sang Le, Eugene Kim, and Shiu-Yi Chen

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Adult pilocytic astrocytoma in the molecular era: a comprehensive review., Timothy A Gregory, Lyndon B Chumbley, John W Henson, and Brett J Theeler

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Safety and efficacy of remote electrical neuromodulation for the acute treatment of chronic migraine: an open-label study., Brian Grosberg, Liron Rabany, Tamar Lin, Dagan Harris, Maya Vizel, Alon Ironi, Christopher P O'Carroll, and Jack Schim

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Does the Implementation of the PRO-IMPLANT Foundation Treatment Algorithm Improve the Outcome of Chronic Periprosthetic Knee Infections? Mid-Term Results of a Prospective Study., Yannik Hanusrichter, Sven Frieler, Jan Gessmann, Martin Schulte, Martin Krejczy, Thomas Schildhauer, and Hinnerk Baecker

Opsoclonus After COVID-19 in an Infant., Darion L Heald, Irisa M Devine, Roderic L Smith, Sarah A T Holsopple, Jessica L Arasmith, and Robert W Arnold

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Opsoclonus After COVID-19 in an Infant., Darion L Heald, Irisa M Devine, Roderic L Smith, Sarah A T Holsopple, Jessica L Arasmith, and Robert W Arnold

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Improvement in some Ames-ISSG cervical deformity classification modifier grades may correlate with clinical improvement., Samantha R Horn, Peter G Passias, Lara Passfall, Renaud Lafage, Justin S Smith, Gregory W Poorman, Leah M Steinmetz, Cole A Bortz, Frank A Segreto, Bassel Diebo, Robert Hart, Douglas Burton, Christopher I Shaffrey, Daniel M Sciubba, Eric O Klineberg, Themistocles S Protopsaltis, Frank J Schwab, Shay Bess, Virginie Lafage, Christopher Ames, and International Spine Study Group (ISSG)

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Healthcare utilization and cost outcomes for a multicenter first seizure and new onset epilepsy clinic., Emily R Hudson, Alexandra Lesko, Lindsay Lucas, Elizabeth Baraban, and Evan J Fertig

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The Young Neurosurgeons Committee of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons: the first 30 years., Sakibul Huq, Chris A Philips, Walavan Sivakumar, David L Dornbos, Christopher S Graffeo, Debraj Mukherjee, Stacey Q Wolfe, and Jeremiah N Johnson

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Supporting Equity and Inclusion of Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Individuals in Professional Organizations., Julia Jones Huyck, Kelsey L Anbuhl, Brad N Buran, Henry J Adler, Samuel R Atcherson, Ozan Cakmak, Robert T Dwyer, Morgan Eddolls, Fadhel El May, Juergen-Theodor Fraenzer, Rebekah Funkhouser, Mathilde Gagliardini, Frederick J Gallun, Raymond L Goldsworthy, Samir Gouin, Joseph Heng, Ariel Edward Hight, Zina Jawadi, Damir Kovacic, Rachit Kumar, Santosh Kumar, Stacey R Lim, Chengeng Mo, Lisa S Nolan, Alexandra Parbery-Clark, Dominic V Pisano, Valluri R Rao, Robert M Raphael, Lina A J Reiss, Nathaniel J Spencer, Stephen J Tang, Viral D Tejani, Emma D Tran, Mikaeel Valli, Greg D Watkins, Rachel V Wayne, Lindsey R Wheeler, Stephanie L White, Victor Wong, M Caroline Yuk, J Tilak Ratnanather, and Peter S Steyger

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Resilience and Dementia, Nancy B. Isenberg

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Comparing Combined Anterior and Posterior to Posterior-Only Decompression and Fusion Crossing the Cervico-Thoracic Junction in Octogenarians., Basem Ishak, Amir Abdul-Jabbar, Alexander von Glinski, Emre Yilmaz, Andreas W Unterberg, Sarah Hopkins, Jeffrey R Roh, Rod J Oskouian, Robert A Hart, and Jens R Chapman

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A novel anatomo-physiologic high-grade spondylolisthesis model to evaluate L5 nerve stretch injury after spondylolisthesis reduction., Basem Ishak, Clifford A Pierre, Darius Ansari, Stefan Lachkar, Alexander von Glinski, Andreas W Unterberg, Rod J Oskouian, and Jens R Chapman

The Efficacy of Low-Dose Naltrexone as a Therapeutic Alternative for Fibromyalgia, Chronic Pain Syndrome, and Multiple Sclerosis: A Retrospective Chart Review Poster Presented at the American Academy of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, online, A Jahangiri, H Roos, A Lesko, E Baraban, and See full citation in comments

Improving Door to Needle Times with CT Telestroke Poster Presented at the International Stoke Conference, online, S Jamieson, A Lesko, E Baraban, L & Yanase, and See full citation in comments

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The Effects of Cardiorespiratory and Motor Skill Fitness on Intrinsic Functional Connectivity of Neural Networks in Individuals with Parkinson's Disease., Behnaz Jarrahi, Sarah C McEwen, Daniel P Holschneider, Dawn M Schiehser, Andrew J Petkus, Megan E Gomez, Jack D Van Horn, Vincent Filoteo, Michael W Jakowec, and Giselle M Petzinger

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Plexin-B2 orchestrates collective stem cell dynamics via actomyosin contractility, cytoskeletal tension and adhesion., Chrystian Junqueira Alves, Rafael Dariolli, Jonathan Haydak, Sangjo Kang, Theodore Hannah, Robert J Wiener, Stefanie DeFronzo, Rut Tejero, Gabriele L Gusella, Aarthi Ramakrishnan, Rodrigo Alves Dias, Alexandre Wojcinski, Santosh Kesari, Li Shen, Eric A Sobie, José Paulo Rodrigues Furtado de Mendonça, Evren U Azeloglu, Hongyan Zou, and Roland H Friedel

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Signature morpho-electric, transcriptomic, and dendritic properties of human layer 5 neocortical pyramidal neurons., Brian E Kalmbach, Rebecca D Hodge, Nikolas L Jorstad, Scott Owen, Rebecca de Frates, Anna Marie Yanny, Rachel Dalley, Matt Mallory, Lucas T Graybuck, Cristina Radaelli, C Dirk Keene, Ryder P Gwinn, Daniel L Silbergeld, Charles Cobbs, Jeffrey G Ojemann, Andrew L Ko, Anoop P Patel, Richard G Ellenbogen, Trygve E Bakken, Tanya L Daigle, Nick Dee, Brian R Lee, Medea McGraw, Philip R Nicovich, Kimberly Smith, Staci A Sorensen, Bosiljka Tasic, Hongkui Zeng, Christof Koch, Ed S Lein, and Jonathan T Ting

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Standardizing fatigue measurement in multiple sclerosis: the validity, responsiveness and score interpretation of the PROMIS SF v1.0 - Fatigue (MS) 8a., Paul Kamudoni, Jeffrey Johns, Karon F Cook, Rana Salem, Sam Salek, Jana Raab, Rod Middleton, Christian Henke, Pavle Repovic, Kevin Alschuler, Gloria von Geldern, Annette Wundes, and Dagmar Amtmann

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Safety and efficacy of daclizumab beta in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis in a 5-year open-label study (EXTEND): final results following early termination., Ludwig Kappos, Stanley Cohan, Douglas L Arnold, Randy R Robinson, Joan Holman, Sami Fam, Becky Parks, Shan Xiao, and Wanda Castro-Borrero

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Vitamin D deficiency exacerbates UV/endorphin and opioid addiction., Lajos V Kemény, Kathleen C Robinson, Andrea L Hermann, Deena M Walker, Susan Regan, Yik Weng Yew, Yi Chun Lai, Nicholas Theodosakis, Phillip D Rivera, Weihua Ding, Liuyue Yang, Tobias Beyer, Yong-Hwee E Loh, Jennifer A Lo, Anita A J van der Sande, William Sarnie, David Kotler, Jennifer J Hsiao, Mack Y Su, Shinichiro Kato, Joseph Kotler, Staci D Bilbo, Vanita Chopra, Matthew P Salomon, Shiqian Shen, Dave S B Hoon, Maryam M Asgari, Sarah E Wakeman, Eric J Nestler, and David E Fisher

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Correction to: Mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of severe COVID-19., Santosh Kesari, Gregory C Kasper, Lev Verkh, Terese C Hammond, Marla L Matal, Jay W Hammerling, Nikolai Tankovich, Adrianus P Lim, Kevin H Zhao, Tiffany Juarez, Roberta E Redfern, Jaya Mini Gill, Natsuko Nomura, Audrey Hiemer, Annie Heng, and Jessica Shoemaker

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Burnout among medical students interested in neurosurgery during the COVID-19 era., Adham M Khalafallah, Adrian E Jimenez, Shravika Lam, Abhishek Gami, David L Dornbos, Walavan Sivakumar, Jeremiah N Johnson, and Debraj Mukherjee

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A Retrospective Evaluation and Review of Outcomes for Single- and Multilevel ACDF With a Zero-Profile Stand-Alone Cage Device With Integrated Instrumentation., Kareem Khalifeh, Jordan E Faulkner, Junko Hara, and Burak Ozgur

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MRI brain volume loss, lesion burden, and clinical outcome in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis., Marcus W Koch, Jop Mostert, Pavle Repovic, James D Bowen, Eva Strijbis, Bernard Uitdehaag, and Gary Cutter

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Smoking, obesity, and disability worsening in PPMS: an analysis of the INFORMS original trial dataset., Marcus W Koch, Jop Mostert, Pavle Repovic, James D Bowen, Eva Strijbis, Bernard Uitdehaag, and Gary Cutter

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Is the Symbol Digit Modalities Test a useful outcome in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis?, Marcus W Koch, Jop Mostert, P Repovic, J D Bowen, Bernard Uitdehaag, and Gary Cutter

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Early first-line treatment response and subsequent disability worsening in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis., Marcus W Koch, Jop Mostert, P Repovic, J D Bowen, Jerry S Wolinsky, Fred D Lublin, Eva Strijbis, and Gary Cutter

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Orbital Surgical Guidelines-Clinical Evaluation., Howard Krauss

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A randomized evaluation of the TriGuard™ HDH cerebral embolic protection device to Reduce the Impact of Cerebral Embolic LEsions after TransCatheter Aortic Valve ImplanTation: the REFLECT I trial., Alexandra J Lansky, Rajendra Makkar, Tamim Nazif, Steven Messé, John Forrest, Rahul Sharma, Joachim Schofer, Axel Linke, David Brown, Abhijeet Dhoble, Phillip Horwitz, Ming Zang, Frederico DeMarco, Vivek Rajagopal, Michael G Dwyer, Robert Zivadinov, Pieter Stella, Joshua Rovin, Helen Parise, Susheel Kodali, Andreas Baumbach, Jeffrey Moses, and REFLECT I Trial Investigators

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Pregnancy outcomes in women with epilepsy and MTHFR mutations supplemented with methylated folate and methylcobalamin (methylated B12)., Emma M Lascar, Nicole M Warner, and Michael J Doherty

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Association Between Cataract Extraction and Development of Dementia., Cecilia S Lee, Laura E Gibbons, Aaron Y Lee, Ryan T Yanagihara, Marian S Blazes, Michael L Lee, Susan M McCurry, J D Bowen, Wayne C McCormick, Paul K Crane, and Eric B Larson

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Associations Between Retinal Artery/Vein Occlusions and Risk of Vascular Dementia., Cecilia S Lee, Michael L Lee, Laura E Gibbons, Ryan T Yanagihara, Marian Blazes, Jason P Kam, Susan M McCurry, J D Bowen, Wayne C McCormick, Aaron Y Lee, Eric B Larson, and Paul K Crane

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Brain volume change after high-dose immunosuppression and autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis., Hyunwoo Lee, Kunio Nakamura, Sridar Narayanan, Robert A Brown, Richard A Nash, Linda M Griffith, Kaitlyn C Steinmiller, Steven M Devine, George J Hutton, Uday Popat, Michael K Racke, George E Georges, James D Bowen, and Douglas L Arnold

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Cordycepin inhibits the proliferation of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor cells through the p53/Sp1/tubulin pathway., Ming-Jen Lee, Jen-Chieh Lee, Jung-Hsien Hsieh, May-Yao Lin, I-An Shih, Huey-Ling You, and Kai Wang

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Modulating innate immune activation states impacts the efficacy of specific Aβ immunotherapy., Yona Levites, Cory Funk, Xue Wang, Paramita Chakrabarty, Karen N McFarland, Baxter Bramblett, Veronica O'Neal, Xufei Liu, Thomas Ladd, Max Robinson, Mariet Allen, Minerva M Carrasquillo, Dennis Dickson, Pedro Cruz, Danny Ryu, Hong-Dong Li, Nathan D Price, NIlüfer Ertekin-Taner, and Todd E Golde

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Admission Glasgow Coma Scale Score as a Predictor of Outcome in Patients Without Traumatic Brain Injury., Amy Li, Folefac D Atem, Aardhra M Venkatachalam, Arianna Barnes, Sonja E Stutzman, and DaiWai M Olson

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Integrative functional genomic analysis of intron retention in human and mouse brain with Alzheimer's disease., Hong-Dong Li, Cory C Funk, Karen McFarland, Eric B Dammer, Mariet Allen, Minerva M Carrasquillo, Yona Levites, Paramita Chakrabarty, Jeremy D Burgess, Xue Wang, Dennis Dickson, Nicholas T Seyfried, Duc M Duong, James J Lah, Steven G Younkin, Allan I Levey, Gilbert S Omenn, Nilüfer Ertekin-Taner, Todd E Golde, and Nathan D Price

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Measurements of Functional Network Connectivity Using Resting State Arterial Spin Labeling During Neurosurgery., Thomas Lindner, Hajrullah Ahmeti, Michael Helle, Olav Jansen, Jens Fiehler, Lasse Dührsen, Michael Synowitz, Santosh Kesari, and Stephan Ulmer

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Pregnancy outcomes of refractory epilepsy patients treated with Brain-responsive neurostimulation., Yi Li, Dawn Eliashiv, Sara C LaHue, Vikram R Rao, Michael L Martini, Fedor Panov, Joel M Oster, June Yoshii-Contreras, Christopher T Skidmore, Laura A Kalayjian, David Millett, and Kimford J Meador

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Early Experience With Virtual and Synchronized Augmented Reality Platform for Preoperative Planning and Intraoperative Navigation: A Case Series., Robert G Louis, Gary K Steinberg, Christopher Duma, Gavin Britz, Vivek Mehta, Jonathan Pace, Warren Selman, and Walter C Jean

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Changes in Angioarchitecture After Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Dural Arteriovenous Fistula., Benton Maglinger, M Maher Hulou, Christopher J McLouth, Madison Sands, Damodar Pokhrel, William H St Clair, Stephen Grupke, and Justin F Fraser

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Intracranial VCAM1 at time of mechanical thrombectomy predicts ischemic stroke severity., Benton Maglinger, Madison Sands, Jacqueline A Frank, Christopher J McLouth, Amanda L Trout, Jill M Roberts, Stephen Grupke, Jadwiga Turchan-Cholewo, Ann M Stowe, Justin F Fraser, and Keith R Pennypacker

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Treatment of Dementia With Bosutinib: An Open-Label Study of a Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor., Kennedy D Mahdavi, Sheldon E Jordan, Hannah R Barrows, Maša Pravdic, Barshen Habelhah, Natalie E Evans, Robin B Blades, Jessica J Iovine, Sergio A Becerra, Rachel A Steiner, Marisa Chang, Santosh Kesari, Alexander Bystritsky, Ed O'Connor, Hyman Gross, F Scott Pereles, Mike Whitney, and Taylor Kuhn

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Streamlining brain tumor surgery care during the COVID-19 pandemic: A case-control study., Regin Jay Mallari, Michael B Avery, Alex Corlin, Amalia Eisenberg, Terese C Hammond, Neil A Martin, Garni Barkhoudarian, and Daniel F Kelly

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Endoscopic Endonasal and Supraorbital Removal of Tuberculum Sellae Meningiomas: Anatomic Guides and Operative Nuances for Keyhole Approach Selection., Regin Jay Mallari, Jai Deep Thakur, John H Rhee, Amalia Eisenberg, Howard Krauss, Chester Griffiths, Walavan Sivakumar, Garni Barkhoudarian, and Daniel F Kelly

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Detection of Human Papillomavirus Integration in Brain Metastases from Oropharyngeal Tumors by Targeted Sequencing., Brian McEllin, Brian C Searle, Lisa DePledge, George Sun, Charles Cobbs, and Mohsen Karimi

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A systems-biology clinical trial of a personalized multimodal lifestyle intervention for early Alzheimer's disease., Sarah C McEwen, David A Merrill, Jennifer Bramen, Verna Porter, Stella Panos, Scott Kaiser, John Hodes, Aarthi Ganapathi, Lesley Bell, Tess Bookheimer, Ryan Glatt, Molly Rapozo, Mary Kay Ross, Nathan D Price, Daniel Kelly, Cory C Funk, Leroy Hood, and Jared C Roach

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Microglia show differential transcriptomic response to Aβ peptide aggregates ex vivo and in vivo., Karen N McFarland, Carolina Ceballos, Awilda Rosario, Thomas Ladd, Brenda Moore, Griffin Golde, Xue Wang, Mariet Allen, Nilüfer Ertekin-Taner, Cory C Funk, Max Robinson, Priyanka Baloni, Noa Rappaport, Paramita Chakrabarty, and Todd E Golde

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Safety of the APOLLO Onyx delivery microcatheter for embolization of brain arteriovenous malformations: results from a prospective post-market study., Philip M Meyers, Johanna T Fifi, Kevin M Cockroft, Timothy R Miller, Curtis A Given, Ali R Zomorodi, Bharathi D Jagadeesan, Maxim Mokin, Peter Kan, Tom L Yao, Orlando Diaz, Daniel Huddle, Richard J Bellon, Joshua Seinfeld, Adam J Polifka, David Fiorella, Rohan V Chitale, Peter Kvamme, Jay T Morrow, Justin Singer, Ajay K Wakhloo, Ajit S Puri, Vivek Deshmukh, Ricardo A Hanel, L Fernando Gonzalez, Henry H Woo, and Mohammad Ali Aziz-Sultan

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Quantitative MRI Differences Between Early versus Late Onset Alzheimer's Disease., Somayeh Meysami, Cyrus A Raji, David A Merrill, Verna R Porter, and Mario F Mendez

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Functional enhancer elements drive subclass-selective expression from mouse to primate neocortex., John K Mich, Lucas T Graybuck, Erik E Hess, Joseph T Mahoney, Yoshiko Kojima, Yi Ding, Saroja Somasundaram, Jeremy A Miller, Brian E Kalmbach, Cristina Radaelli, Bryan B Gore, Natalie Weed, Victoria Omstead, Yemeserach Bishaw, Nadiya V Shapovalova, Refugio A Martinez, Olivia Fong, Shenqin Yao, Marty Mortrud, Peter Chong, Luke Loftus, Darren Bertagnolli, Jeff Goldy, Tamara Casper, Nick Dee, Ximena Opitz-Araya, Ali Cetin, Kimberly A Smith, Ryder P Gwinn, Charles Cobbs, Andrew L Ko, Jeffrey G Ojemann, C Dirk Keene, Daniel L Silbergeld, Susan M Sunkin, Viviana Gradinaru, Gregory D Horwitz, Hongkui Zeng, Bosiljka Tasic, Ed S Lein, Jonathan T Ting, and Boaz P Levi

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Fenfluramine in the successful treatment of super-refractory status epilepticus in a patient with Dravet syndrome., David Millett and Suzanne Pach

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Association of Performance on Dichotic Auditory Tests With Risk for Incident Dementia and Alzheimer Dementia., Adeeb Mohammed, Laura E Gibbons, George Gates, Melissa L Anderson, Susan M McCurry, Wayne McCormick, J D Bowen, Thomas J Grabowski, Paul K Crane, and Eric B Larson

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Identification of successful cerebral reperfusions (mTICI ≥2b) using an artificial intelligence strategy., Gabriel Neves, Pranav Warman, Tulio Bueso, Walter Duarte-Celada, and Thomas Windisch

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Critical incident reporting systems (CIRS) in trauma patients may identify common quality problems., Matthias Niemeier, Uwe Hamsen, Emre Yilmaz, Thomas A Schildhauer, and Christian Waydhas

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Global impact of COVID-19 on stroke care., Raul G Nogueira, Mohamad Abdalkader, Muhammed M Qureshi, Michael R Frankel, Ossama Yassin Mansour, Hiroshi Yamagami, Zhongming Qiu, Mehdi Farhoudi, James E Siegler, Shadi Yaghi, Eytan Raz, Nobuyuki Sakai, Nobuyuki Ohara, Michel Piotin, Laura Mechtouff, Omer Eker, Vanessa Chalumeau, Timothy J Kleinig, Raoul Pop, Jianmin Liu, Hugh S Winters, Xianjin Shang, Alejandro Rodriguez Vasquez, Jordi Blasco, Juan F Arenillas, Mario Martinez-Galdamez, Alex Brehm, Marios-Nikos Psychogios, Pedro Lylyk, Diogo C Haussen, Alhamza R Al-Bayati, Mahmoud H Mohammaden, Luísa Fonseca, M Luís Silva, Francisco Montalverne, Leonardo Renieri, Salvatore Mangiafico, Urs Fischer, Jan Gralla, Donald Frei, Chandril Chugh, Brijesh P Mehta, Simon Nagel, Markus Mohlenbruch, Santiago Ortega-Gutierrez, Mudassir Farooqui, Ameer E Hassan, Allan Taylor, Bertrand Lapergue, Arturo Consoli, Bruce Cv Campbell, Malveeka Sharma, Melanie Walker, Noel Van Horn, Jens Fiehler, Huy Thang Nguyen, Quoc T Nguyen, Daisuke Watanabe, Hao Zhang, Huynh V Le, Viet Q Nguyen, Ruchir Shah, Thomas Devlin, Priyank Khandelwal, Italo Linfante, Wazim Izzath, Pablo M Lavados, Veronica V Olavarría, Gisele Sampaio Silva, Anna Verena de Carvalho Sousa, Jawad Kirmani, Martin Bendszus, Tatsuo Amano, Ryoo Yamamoto, Ryosuke Doijiri, Naoki Tokuda, Takehiro Yamada, Tadashi Terasaki, Yukako Yazawa, Jane G Morris, Emma Griffin, John Thornton, Pascale Lavoie, Charles Matouk, Michael D Hill, Andrew M Demchuk, Monika Killer-Oberpfalzer, Fadi Nahab, Dorothea Altschul, Anna Ramos-Pachón, Natalia Pérez de la Ossa, Raghid Kikano, William Boisseau, Gregory Walker, Steve M Cordina, Ajit Puri, Anna Luisa Kuhn, Dheeraj Gandhi, Pankajavalli Ramakrishnan, Roberta Novakovic-White, Alex Chebl, Odysseas Kargiotis, Alexandra Czap, Alicia Zha, Hesham E Masoud, Carlos Lopez, David Ozretic, Fawaz Al-Mufti, Wenjie Zie, Zhenhui Duan, Zhengzhou Yuan, Wenguo Huang, Yonggang Hao, Jun Luo, Vladimir Kalousek, Romain Bourcier, Romain Guile, Steven Hetts, Hosam M Al-Jehani, Adel AlHazzani, Elyar Sadeghi-Hokmabadi, Mohamed Teleb, Jeremy Payne, Jin Soo Lee, Ji Man Hong, Sung-Il Sohn, Yang-Ha Hwang, Dong Hoon Shin, Hong Gee Roh, Randy Edgell, Rakesh Khatri, Ainsley Smith, Amer Malik, David Liebeskind, Nabeel Herial, Pascal Jabbour, Pedro Magalhaes, Atilla Ozcan Ozdemir, Ozlem Aykac, Takeshi Uwatoko, Tomohisa Dembo, Hisao Shimizu, Yuri Sugiura, Fumio Miyashita, Hiroki Fukuda, Kosuke Miyake, Junsuke Shimbo, Yusuke Sugimura, Andre Beer-Furlan, Krishna Joshi, Luciana Catanese, Daniel Giansante Abud, Octavio Giansante Neto, Masoud Mehrpour, Amal Al Hashmi, Mahar Saqqur, Abdulrahman Mostafa, Johanna T Fifi, Syed Hussain, Seby John, Rishi Gupta, Rotem Sivan-Hoffmann, Anna Reznik, Achmad Fidaus Sani, Serdar Geyik, Eşref Akıl, Anchalee Churojana, Abdoreza Ghoreishi, Mohammad Saadatnia, Ehsan Sharifipour, Alice Ma, Ken Faulder, Teddy Wu, Lester Leung, Adel Malek, Barbara Voetsch, Ajay Wakhloo, Rodrigo Rivera, Danny Moises Barrientos Iman, Aleksandra Pikula, Vasileios-Arsenios Lioutas, Gotz Thomalla, Lee Birnbaum, Paolo Machi, Gianmarco Bernava, Mollie McDermott, Dawn Kleindorfer, Ken Wong, Mary S Patterson, Jose Antonio Fiorot, Vikram Huded, William Mack, Matthew Tenser, Clifford Eskey, Sumeet Multani, Michael Kelly, Vallabh Janardhan, Oriana Cornett, Varsha Singh, Yuichi Murayama, Maxim Mokin, Pengfei Yang, Xiaoxi Zhang, Congguo Yin, Hongxing Han, Ya Peng, Wenhuo Chen, Roberto Crosa, Michel Eli Frudit, Jeyaraj D Pandian, Anirudh Kulkarni, Yoshiki Yagita, Yohei Takenobu, Yuji Matsumaru, Satoshi Yamada, Ryuhei Kono, Takuya Kanamaru, Hidekazu Yamazaki, Manabu Sakaguchi, Kenichi Todo, Nobuaki Yamamoto, Kazutaka Sonoda, Tomoko Yoshida, Hiroyuki Hashimoto, Ichiro Nakahara, Elena Cora, David Volders, Celina Ducroux, Ashkan Shoamanesh, Johanna Ospel, Artem Kaliaev, Saima Ahmed, Umair Rashid, Leticia C Rebello, Vitor Mendes Pereira, Robert Fahed, Michael Chen, Sunil A Sheth, Lina Palaiodimou, Georgios Tsivgoulis, Ronil Chandra, Feliks Koyfman, Thomas Leung, Houman Khosravani, Sushrut Dharmadhikari, Giovanni Frisullo, Paolo Calabresi, Alexander Tsiskaridze, Nino Lobjanidze, Mikayel Grigoryan, Anna Czlonkowska, Diana Aguiar de Sousa, Jelle Demeestere, Conrad Liang, Navdeep Sangha, Helmi L Lutsep, Óscar Ayo-Martín, Antonio Cruz-Culebras, Anh D Tran, Chang Y Young, Charlotte Cordonnier, Francois Caparros, Maria Alonso De Lecinana, Blanca Fuentes, Dileep Yavagal, Tudor Jovin, Laurent Spelle, Jacques Moret, Pooja Khatri, Osama Zaidat, Jean Raymond, Sheila Martins, and Thanh Nguyen

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Incidence, Management, and Outcomes of Adult Spinal Chondrosarcoma Patients in the United States., Ravi S Nunna, Saavan Patel, Shashank N Patil, Darius Ansari, Taylor G Burch, Ankit I Mehta, Jens R Chapman, and Rod J Oskouian

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Anisocoria Correlates With Injury Severity and Outcomes After Blunt Traumatic Brain Injury., Daniel Nyancho, Folefac D Atem, Aardhra M Venkatachalam, Arianna Barnes, Michelle Hill, Jeffrey I Traylor, Sonja E Stutzman, Nicole Bedros, Venkatesh Aiyagari, and Salah G Aoun

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Retinal Optical Coherence Tomography in Neuromyelitis Optica., Frederike Cosima Oertel, Svenja Specovius, Hanna G Zimmermann, Claudia Chien, Seyedamirhosein Motamedi, Charlotte Bereuter, Lawrence Cook, Marco Aurélio Lana Peixoto, Mariana Andrade Fontanelle, Ho Jin Kim, Jae-Won Hyun, Jacqueline Palace, Adriana Roca-Fernandez, Maria Isabel Leite, Srilakshmi Sharma, Fereshteh Ashtari, Rahele Kafieh, Alireza Dehghani, Mohsen Pourazizi, Lekha Pandit, Anitha D'Cunha, Orhan Aktas, Marius Ringelstein, Philipp Albrecht, Eugene May, Caryl Tongco, Letizia Leocani, Marco Pisa, Marta Radaelli, Elena H Martinez-Lapiscina, Hadas Stiebel-Kalish, Sasitorn Siritho, Jérome de Seze, Thomas Senger, Joachim Havla, Romain Marignier, Alvaro Cobo-Calvo, Denis Bichuetti, Ivan Maynart Tavares, Nasrin Asgari, Kerstin Soelberg, Ayse Altintas, Rengin Yildirim, Uygur Tanriverdi, Anu Jacob, Saif Huda, Zoe Rimler, Allyson Reid, Yang Mao-Draayer, Ibis Soto de Castillo, Axel Petzold, Ari J Green, Michael R Yeaman, Terry Smith, Alexander U Brandt, and Friedemann Paul

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Single Cell Scale Neuronal and Glial Gene Expression and Putative Cell Phenotypes and Networks in the Nucleus Tractus Solitarius in an Alcohol Withdrawal Time Series., Sean J O'Sullivan, Damani McIntosh-Clarke, James H Park, Rajanikanth Vadigepalli, and James S Schwaber

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Abstract P77: Acute Stroke Trends and Outcomes During the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Multi-System Hospital System in the Western US, Renee Ovando, Natalie Swearingen, Tamela Stuchiner, Leslie Corless, Crystal Ann Moreno, John Zurasky, Jason Tarpley, Radoslav Raychev, and Elizabeth Baraban

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COVID-19 Impact on Acute Ischemic Stroke Treatment at 9 Comprehensive Stroke Centers across Los Angeles., M Maximillian Padrick, Navdeep Sangha, Laurie Paletz, James Mirocha, Sonia Figueroa, Vicki Manoukian, Konrad Schlick, Patrick D Lyden, David S Liebeskind, Fiona K Chatfield, Jason W Tarpley, Adrian Burgos, Matthew Tenser, Denise Gaffney, Marco A Pech, Edward Nazareth, Robert Jackson, Helaine Kauffman, Lisa Arnold, Jennifer Cox, Treasure Joyce, Catrice Nakamura, Darcie Fitzgerald, Kyle Ogami, Nili Steiner, Nicole Wolber, Betty Robertson, Rachel Izzo, Stefanie Gorski, Heather Manuel, Krystal Valdez, Liliana Reyes, Latisha K Sharma, and Shlee S Song

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Does glucose influence multidien cycles of interictal and/or ictal activities?, Alexa Pappas, Sanjay Kubsad, Maxime O Baud, Kyla E Wright, Devon M Kollmyer, Nicole M Warner, Alan M Haltiner, Ryder P Gwinn, and Michael J Doherty

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A Systems Approach to Brain Tumor Treatment., James H Park, Adrian Lopez Garcia de Lomana, Diego M Marzese, Tiffany Juarez, Abdullah Feroze, Parvinder Hothi, Charles Cobbs, Anoop P Patel, Santosh Kesari, Sui Huang, and Nitin S Baliga

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Increasing Cost Efficiency in Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery: Identifying Predictors of Lower Total Costs., Peter G Passias, Avery E Brown, Cole Bortz, Haddy Alas, Katherine Pierce, Waleed Ahmad, Sara Naessig, Renaud Lafage, Virginie Lafage, Hamid Hassanzadeh, Lawal A Labaran, Christopher Ames, Douglas C Burton, Jeffrey Gum, Robert Hart, Richard Hostin, Khaled M Kebaish, Brian J Neuman, Shay Bess, Breton Line, Christopher Shaffrey, Justin Smith, Frank Schwab, Eric Klineberg, and International Spine Study Group

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A Risk Benefit Analysis of Increasing Surgical Invasiveness Relative to Frailty Status in Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery., Peter G Passias, Avery E Brown, Cole Bortz, Katherine Pierce, Haddy Alas, Waleed Ahmad, Lara Passfall, Nicholas Kummer, Oscar Krol, Renaud Lafage, Virginie Lafage, Douglas Burton, Robert A Hart, Neel Anand, Gregory Mundis, Brian Neuman, Breton Line, Christopher Shaffrey, Eric Klineberg, Justin Smith, Christopher Ames, Frank J Schwab, Shay Bess, and International Spine Study Group

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Predicting development of severe clinically relevant distal junctional kyphosis following adult cervical deformity surgery, with further distinction from mild asymptomatic episodes., Peter G Passias, Sara Naessig, Nicholas Kummer, Lara Passfall, Renaud Lafage, Virginie Lafage, Breton Line, Bassel G Diebo, Themistocles Protopsaltis, Han Jo Kim, Robert Eastlack, Alex Soroceanu, Eric O Klineberg, Robert A Hart, Douglas Burton, Shay Bess, Frank Schwab, Christopher I Shaffrey, Justin S Smith, and Christopher P Ames

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At What Point Should the Thoracolumbar Region Be Addressed in Patients Undergoing Corrective Cervical Deformity Surgery?, Peter G Passias, Katherine E Pierce, Sara Naessig, Waleed Ahmad, Lara Passfall, Renaud Lafage, Virginie Lafage, Han Jo Kim, Alan Daniels, Robert Eastlack, Eric Klineberg, Breton Line, Praveen Mummaneni, Robert A Hart, Douglas Burton, Shay Bess, Frank Schwab, Christopher Shaffrey, Justin S Smith, Christopher P Ames, and International Spine Study Group

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The impact of postoperative neurologic complications on recovery kinetics in cervical deformity surgery., Peter Gust Passias, Avery E Brown, Haddy Alas, Katherine E Pierce, Cole A Bortz, Bassel Diebo, Renaud Lafage, Virginie Lafage, Douglas C Burton, Robert A Hart, Han Jo Kim, Shay Bess, Kevin Moattari, Rachel Joujon-Roche, Oscar Krol, Tyler Williamson, Peter Tretiakov, Bailey Imbo, Themistocles S Protopsaltis, Christopher Shaffrey, Frank Schwab, Robert Eastlack, Breton Line, Eric Klineberg, Justin Smith, Christopher Ames, and International Spine Study Group

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Effect of age-adjusted alignment goals and distal inclination angle on the fate of distal junctional kyphosis in cervical deformity surgery., Peter Gust Passias, Samantha R Horn, Virginie Lafage, Renaud Lafage, Justin S Smith, Breton G Line, Themistocles S Protopsaltis, Alex Soroceanu, Cole Bortz, Frank A Segreto, Waleed Ahmad, Sara Naessig, Katherine E Pierce, Avery E Brown, Haddy Alas, Han Jo Kim, Alan H Daniels, Eric O Klineberg, Douglas C Burton, Robert A Hart, Frank J Schwab, Shay Bess, Christopher I Shaffrey, Christopher P Ames, and International Spine Study Group

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Predictive model for achieving good clinical and radiographic outcomes at one-year following surgical correction of adult cervical deformity., Peter Gust Passias, Samantha R Horn, Cheongeun Oh, Gregory W Poorman, Cole Bortz, Frank Segreto, Renaud Lafage, Bassel Diebo, Justin K Scheer, Justin S Smith, Christopher I Shaffrey, Robert Eastlack, Daniel M Sciubba, Themistocles Protopsaltis, Han Jo Kim, Robert A Hart, Virginie Lafage, Christopher P Ames, and International Spine Study Group

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Risk-benefit assessment of major versus minor osteotomies for flexible and rigid cervical deformity correction., Peter Gust Passias, Lara Passfall, Samantha R Horn, Katherine E Pierce, Virginie Lafage, Renaud Lafage, Justin S Smith, Breton G Line, Gregory M Mundis, Robert Eastlack, Bassel G Diebo, Themistocles S Protopsaltis, Han Jo Kim, Justin Scheer, Douglas C Burton, Robert A Hart, Frank J Schwab, Shay Bess, Christopher P Ames, Christopher I Shaffrey, and International Spine Study Group

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Redefining cervical spine deformity classification through novel cutoffs: An assessment of the relationship between radiographic parameters and functional neurological outcomes., Peter Gust Passias, Katherine E Pierce, Avery E Brown, Cole A Bortz, Haddy Alas, Renaud Lafage, Virginie Lafage, Breton Line, Eric O Klineberg, Douglas C Burton, Robert Hart, Alan H Daniels, Shay Bess, Bassel Diebo, Themistocles Protopsaltis, Robert Eastlack, Christopher I Shaffrey, Frank J Schwab, Justin S Smith, Christopher Ames, and On Behalf Of The International Spine Study Group

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Anticoagulation Therapy Reduces Recurrent Stroke in Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source Patients With Elevated Coagulation Markers or Severe Left Atrial Enlargement., Kishan Patel, Elio Mikhael, Michael Liu, Srikant Rangaraju, Deandra Ellis, Alexander Duncan, Samir Belagaje, Trina Belair, Laura Henriquez, and Fadi Nahab

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Perioperative dual antiplatelet therapy for patients undergoing spine surgery soon after drug eluting stent placement., Sophie M Peeters, Daniel Nagasawa, Bilwaj Gaonkar, Tianyi Niu, Alexander Tucker, Mark Attiah, Diana Babayan, Natalie Moreland, Isaac Yang, Marcela Calfon Press, and Luke Macyszyn

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Effect of High-frequency (10-kHz) Spinal Cord Stimulation in Patients With Painful Diabetic Neuropathy: A Randomized Clinical Trial., Erika A Petersen, Thomas G Stauss, James A Scowcroft, Elizabeth S Brooks, Judith L White, Shawn M Sills, Kasra Amirdelfan, Maged N Guirguis, Jijun Xu, Cong Yu, Ali Nairizi, Denis G Patterson, Kostandinos C Tsoulfas, Michael J Creamer, Vincent Galan, Richard H Bundschu, Christopher A Paul, Neel D Mehta, Heejung Choi, Dawood Sayed, Shivanand P Lad, David J DiBenedetto, Khalid A Sethi, Johnathan H Goree, Matthew T Bennett, Nathan J Harrison, Atef F Israel, Paul Chang, Paul W Wu, Gennady Gekht, Charles E Argoff, Christian E Nasr, Rod S Taylor, Jeyakumar Subbaroyan, Bradford E Gliner, David L Caraway, and Nagy A Mekhail

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Predictors of Superior Recovery Kinetics in Adult Cervical Deformity Correction: An Analysis Using a Novel Area Under the Curve Methodology., Katherine E Pierce, Peter G Passias, Avery E Brown, Cole A Bortz, Haddy Alas, Renaud Lafage, Virginie Lafage, Christopher Ames, Douglas C Burton, Robert A Hart, Kojo Hamilton, Jeffrey Gum, Justin Scheer, Alan Daniels, Shay Bess, Alex Soroceanu, Eric Klineberg, Christopher Shaffrey, Breton Line, Frank A Schwab, Justin S Smith, and International Spine Study Group (ISSG)

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Prioritization of Realignment Associated With Superior Clinical Outcomes for Cervical Deformity Patients., Katherine E Pierce, Peter G Passias, Avery E Brown, Cole A Bortz, Haddy Alas, Lara Passfall, Oscar Krol, Nicholas Kummer, Renaud Lafage, Dean Chou, Douglas C Burton, Breton Line, Eric Klineberg, Robert A Hart, Jeffrey Gum, Alan Daniels, Kojo Hamilton, Shay Bess, Themistocles Protopsaltis, Christopher Shaffrey, Frank A Schwab, Justin S Smith, Virginie Lafage, and Christopher Ames

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Baseline Frailty Status Influences Recovery Patterns and Outcomes Following Alignment Correction of Cervical Deformity., Katherine E Pierce, Peter G Passias, Alan H Daniels, Renaud Lafage, Waleed Ahmad, Sara Naessig, Virginie Lafage, Themistocles Protopsaltis, Robert Eastlack, Robert A Hart, Douglas Burton, Shay Bess, Frank Schwab, Christopher Shaffrey, Justin S Smith, and Christopher Ames

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Prioritization of realignment associated with superior clinical outcomes for surgical cervical deformity patients., Katherine E Pierce, Peter Gust Passias, Avery E Brown, Cole A Bortz, Haddy Alas, Renaud Lafage, Oscar Krol, Dean Chou, Douglas C Burton, Breton Line, Eric Klineberg, Robert A Hart, Jeffrey Gum, Alan Daniels, Kojo Hamilton, Shay Bess, Themistocles Protopsaltis, Christopher Shaffrey, Frank A Schwab, Justin S Smith, Virginie Lafage, and Christopher Ames

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Glioma Stem Cells as Immunotherapeutic Targets: Advancements and Challenges., Keenan J Piper, Lisa DePledge, Michael Karsy, and Charles Cobbs

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Dalfampridine for Mobility Limitations in People With Multiple Sclerosis May Be Augmented by Physical Therapy: A Non-randomized Two-Group Proof-of-Concept Pilot Study., Prudence Plummer, Silva Markovic-Plese, and Barbara Giesser

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Cervical Total Disc Replacement: Complications and Complication Avoidance., Richard L Price, Domagoj Coric, and Wilson Z Ray

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Surgical outcomes in rigid versus flexible cervical deformities., Themistocles S Protopsaltis, Nicholas Stekas, Justin S Smith, Alexandra Soroceanu, Renaud Lafage, Alan H Daniels, Han Jo Kim, Peter G Passias, Gregory M Mundis, Eric O Klineberg, D Kojo Hamilton, Munish Gupta, Virginie Lafage, Robert A Hart, Frank Schwab, Douglas C Burton, Shay Bess, Christopher I Shaffrey, and Christopher P Ames

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Pulse Dosing of 10 kHz Paresthesia-Independent Spinal Cord Stimulation Provides Same Efficacy with Substantial Reduction of Device Recharge Time., David Provenzano, Jordan Tate, Mayank Gupta, Cong Yu, Paul Verrills, Maged Guirguis, Nathan Harrison, Thomas Smith, Rose Azalde, and Kerry Bradley

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Pooled Safety Results Through One Year of Two Phase-3 Trials of Guselkumab in Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis., Proton Rahman, Christopher T Ritchlin, Philip S Helliwell, Wolf-Henning Boehncke, Philip J Mease, Alice B Gottlieb, Shelly Kafka, Alexa P Kollmeier, Elizabeth C Hsia, Xie L Xu, May Shawi, Shihong Sheng, Prasheen Agarwal, Bei Zhou, Paraneedharan Ramachandran, Yanli Zhuang, and Iain B McInnes

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Spinal Cord Injury Clinical Classification Systems: What Is Available and a Proposed Alternative., Wyatt L Ramey and Jens R Chapman

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The lexicon of multirod constructs in adult spinal deformity: a concise description of when, why, and how., Wyatt L Ramey, Andrew S Jack, and Jens R Chapman

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The Intradiscal Osteotomy: An Alternative Technique for Adult Spinal Deformity Correction., Wyatt L Ramey, Andrew S Jack, Rod J Oskouian, Robert A Hart, and Jens R Chapman

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The Central Cord Score: A Novel Classification and Scoring System Specific to Acute Traumatic Central Cord Syndrome., Wyatt L Ramey, Angelica Alvarez Reyes, Mauricio J Avila, R John Hurlbert, Jens R Chapman, and Travis M Dumont

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Ongoing Use of SSRIs Does Not Alter Outcome in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Analysis., Steven H Rauchman, Sherri Mendelson, Courtney Rauchman, Lora J Kasselman, Aaron Pinkhasov, and Allison B Reiss

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Cortical Responses to Vagus Nerve Stimulation Are Modulated by Brain State in Nonhuman Primates., Irene Rembado, Weiguo Song, David K Su, Ariel Levari, Larry E Shupe, Steve Perlmutter, Eberhard Fetz, and Stavros Zanos

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Response to: "The Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 6" Commentary by Rowland et al., Zubir Rentiya, Robert Hutnik, and Junun Bae